A flanged cross section is used to support the loads shown on the beam in Figure 1.1. The dimensions of the beam are also shown below. Assume the x axis to be the longitudinal one. For the cross section, the y-axis is vertical and the z-axis is horizontal. You are required to determine the following:
(a) Shear V and moment M equations in terms of x. Since the load varies between joints then there are V and M equations for each segment namely A-B, B-C and C-D. So, you will end up with 6 equations.
(b) Using the equations from step (a) draw the shear V and moment M diagrams in Excel
(c) The maximum tensile bending stress σ at any location along the beam, and
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(d) The maximum compressive bending stress σ at any location along the beam. For this you will need composite section properties.
The use of the flanged joint goes back more than 300 years. I believe the use of what became basically the now standardized mechanical joint design only goes back 85 or so years, to U.S. Patent No.1,365,530 of Mr. W. D. Moore of ACIPCO. Both joints (with some improved gasket means now available) are good joints and still used effectively for many applications today. However, in addition to what has already been said, their bolted assemblies are relatively labor-intensive and their performance rather labor-reliant compared to some contemporary and essentially boltless push-on joining structures that have been introduced into the marketplace in the decades since. I believe there will perhaps eventually also be more future preference for contemporary joints that do not require such bolting, based on ergonomics and trench safety etc.
As a result of its geometry and rigid bolting nature, the flanged joint in theory requires perfect alignment of support along the axis of the lines to avoid placing bending loads on the pipe, fittings, and flanged fabrications etc. in construction (and perfection in particularly underground construction can be difficult to obtain in some locales in even this 21st century!) I think this reason, perhaps also along with realities of differential settlement, vibrations, seismic movements, some injudicious choices of bolting material relative to corrosion etc. in some areas is why some AWWA manuals and standards contain the cautionary statement, &#;The use of flanged joints underground is generally not recommended because of the rigidity of the joint.&#;
As one poster has replied however flanged joints are still used internationally, and even in a few areas of the USA off the branches of underground tees.
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