Gear manufacturing

Gear manufacturing refers to the making of gears. Gears can be manufactured by a variety of processes, including casting, forging, extrusion, powder metallurgy, and blanking. As a general rule, however, machining is applied to achieve the final dimensions, shape and surface finish in the gear. The initial operations that produce a semifinishing part ready for gear machining as referred to as blanking operations; the starting product in gear machining is called a gear blank.[1]

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Selection of materials

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The gear material should have the following properties:[2]

• High tensile strength to prevent failure against static loads
• High endurance strength to withstand dynamic loads
• Low coefficient of friction
• Good manufacturability

Gear manufacturing processes

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There are multiple ways in which gear blanks can be shaped through the cutting and finishing processes.

Gear forming

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In gear form cutting, the cutting edge of the cutting tool has a shape identical with the shape of the space between the gear teeth. Two machining operations, milling and broaching can be employed to form cut gear teeth.[3]

Form milling

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In form milling, the cutter called a form cutter travels axially along the length of the gear tooth at the appropriate depth to produce the gear tooth. After each tooth is cut, the cutter is withdrawn, the gear blank is rotated, and the cutter proceeds to cut another tooth. The process continues until all teeth are cut

Broaching

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Broaching can also be used to produce gear teeth and is particularly applicable to internal teeth. The process is rapid and produces fine surface finish with high dimensional accuracy. However, because broaches are expensive and a separate broach is required for each size of gear, this method is suitable mainly for high-quality production.

Gear generation

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In gear generation, the tooth flanks are obtained as an outline of the subsequent positions of the cutter, which resembles in shape the mating gear in the gear pair. There are two machining processes employed shaping and milling. There are several modifications of these processes for different cutting tool used.[4]

Gear hobbing

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Gear hobbing is a machining process in which gear teeth are progressively generated by a series of cuts with a helical cutting tool. All motions in hobbing are rotary, and the hob and gear blank rotate continuously as in two gears meshing until all teeth are cut.

Finishing operations

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As produced by any of the process described, the surface finish and dimensional accuracy may not be accurate enough for certain applications. Several finishing operations are available, including the conventional process of shaving, and a number of abrasive operations, including grinding, honing, and lapping.[5]

See also

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If you are looking for more details, kindly visit gear blanks solution.

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• American Gear Manufacturers Association, standards organization for gears

References

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1. ^

   Valery Marinov, Manufacturing Technology, 2004, Gear manufacturing P123-P128

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   Machine Design II, Prof.K Gopibath& Prof.MM Mayuram, Lecture #5

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   Introduction to Gears, 2006, Kohara Gear Industry Co LTD

4. ^

   Step of Manufacturing Gear box

5. ^

   Gear Generation and Finishing Operations, Chap #6

Time to read: 7 min

Historically, gear fabrication methods have been classified into three main categories: generation, forming, and form cutting. As new gear manufacturing technologies are developed, new methods will be added to the list, but for now, those three are still the most common ways for machining a gear:

1. Gear generation uses cutting tools in the shape of the desired gear profile to create the gear (i.e. rack cutters, gear shaping, and gear hobbing)
2. Gear form cutting involves tools that are used to create the gear profile (i.e. gear milling, shaping, slotting, planing, and EDM)
3. Gear forming creates gears without using cutting tools (i.e. rolling, casting, powder metallurgy, 3D printing)

Gear Generation

Sunderland Method

Rack-type cutters are one of the main gear manufacturing methods. The gear rack cutting process is also known as the Sunderland Method or the Sunderland System. This method utilizes a gear machine which consists of a rack cutter with rake and clearance angles that creates the teeth profile on a gear blank. It uses the specific relative motion between the workpiece and the cutter during machining to produce teeth profiles and is similar to a rack and pinion, which is depicted below.

Sunderland method

The teeth profiles follow a geometry that consists of an involute of a circle — basically, a spiraling curve traced by the end of an imaginary string unwinding itself from that stationary circle — or if you trace the point of contact from one tooth to another as shown in the following image.

Involute curve geometry

The Sunderland Method is excellent at creating teeth of uniform shape, and all gears that are cut by the same cutter will, in theory, gear correctly with one another. So, gear designs that require high precision — even double helix gears — can be fabricated with this method. The Sunderland Method is also versatile and cost-effective, especially for medium to high-volume production runs. And because the Sunderland system has been actively maintained since its invention, manuals and documentation are widely available and relevant even for new machine designs.

Gear Shaping 

In this method of gear generation, a cutter and gear blank are connected by gears so that they don’t roll together as the cutter reciprocates. The cutter starts carving its way to the desired depth, as seen in Figure 3, then the cutter and gear blank rotates slowly as the gear teeth are cut.

Gear generation – shaping

Gear shaping is commonly used for cutting spur gears, herringbone gears, and ratchet gears. This method can be used for other types of gears, but since it uses a cutter that reciprocates the gear shape, it’s often utilized for the gear types mentioned above. Since there isn’t a complex programming requirement (it’s just cutting the same as the rack cutter has into the gear blank), the setup during production is simpler. You can still manufacture these types of gears with other methods, but gear shaping provides speed, design, and setup advantages during mass production. Gear shaping is not the best option for internal gears and worm gears, due to the position of the cutter (on the outside) and cut direction.

Gear Hobbing 

Gear hobbing produces gear teeth by rotating a cylindrically shaped cutter called a “hob” (hence the term gear hobbing) depicted in the gear hobbing machine interface below. The hob can be single-threaded, depending on how many teeth per revolution should be generated. 

Gear generation – Hobbing

Spur gears are most often fabricated with this method, although a variety of other gears — like cycloid gears, helical gears, worm gears, ratchets and sprockets — are all made by hobbing. A well-designed hob is critical, especially when cutting a complex geometry, and this process typically does not work for internal gears. Similar to gear shaping, hobbing has setup advantages, but only for exterior cuts since the hob is cutting the outside of the gear blanks. 

Gear Form Cutting

Form cutting generally isn’t preferred because of its limitations — low productivity and poor quality. However, the various form-cutting techniques are useful alternatives for repair and maintenance when necessary.

Shaping, Planing, and Slotting 

When shaping, the workpiece is fixed and the tool on the ram is moved back and forth across the workpiece.

Gear form cutting – Shaping

When planing, the tool is fixed and the workpiece travels on the table back and forth under the tool.

Gear form cutting – Planing

When slotting, the workpiece is held stationary and the tool on the ram is moved up and down across the workpiece.

Gear form cutting – Slotting (stationary workpeice and tool/cutter Primary Motion is up and down)

Both shaper and planer gear machining tools cut in straight lines. However, the shaper handles small-size geometries, while the planer is built for larger applications. Shapers can be used to create slots, grooves, and keyways. Slotting is essentially a vertical shaper that cuts internal gears and grooves.

Milling 

The milling form cutting method is relatively limited in its use but is well-suited to create complex gear geometries. CNC milling is utilized to machine helical and spur gear wheels for various industries, including automobile transmissions, and hob cutters.

Gear form cutting – Milling

Milling gears is slow because it creates extensive heat transfer to the workpiece, which means that successive teeth should not be milled one right after the other.

Electrical discharge Machining (EDM) 

EDM is an electromechanical manufacturing process where material is removed from a workpiece by applying a series of current discharges between two electrodes separated by a dielectric bath liquid. Rather than cutting, the spark acts as a ‘cutting tool’ that actually erodes the material instead.

EDM is good at cutting complex geometries of all sizes, even as a gear cutting process, but the process has its limitations. If you don’t have good control and precise programming, it’s easy to damage part surfaces — especially curved teeth profiles that are challenging for CNC programs to execute. But high-quality and intuitive 3D modeling and CAM software — like Feature CAM, Autodesk Fusion, Master CAM, and others — can produce the smooth motion needed to cut curved teeth. 

Electrical discharge machining (EDM)

EDM machines have improved in recent years, which has minimized issues with surface finishes, and improved cutting precision and resulting material properties (microstructure, mechanical properties, etc). The process can achieve tight tolerances as small as thousandths of an inch and create both small (diameter of fractions of an inch) and large gears (diameter of over 20 inches). This process is used for both delicate applications in watches and clocks and to cut more robust gears like those used in race cars.

Gear Forming

Rolling 

Rolling is one of the oldest gear forming processes that hot or cold rolls a blank workpiece through two or three dies, as seen below.

Gear forming – Rolling

When material saving is a critical concern during manufacturing, rolling is a good option since there’s no chip generation. However, to get an efficient process, you must consider rolling parameters, deformations, and microstructure effects before ramping up production.

Casting 

Casting is a forming process whereby molten metal is poured into a mold cavity to form shapes. Gear casting is used to create gear blanks (that are then machined) and full gears with cast teeth profiles. Tolerances and accuracy are crucial considerations when casting gears, and creating casting molds entails a lot of up-front costs. However, once the mold and process parameters are determined, large production quantities justify the investment.

Gear forming – Casting

Sand casting is used primarily to produce gear blanks to be used in other processes. Fully functioning spur, helical worm, cluster, and bevel gears are all made by gear casting and are used in washing machines, small appliances, hand tools, toys, and cameras.

Powder Metallurgy 

Powder metallurgy is a high-precision forming method that’s a cost-effective alternative to conventional, machine-finished steel and cast iron gears. However, this method is not suited for larger gear sizes but is adept at creating small, high-quality spur, bevel, and spiral gears. Because of the porosity of the formed material, larger gears have less fatigue and impact resistance, though a sintering process can be used to improve their mechanical properties.

Powder metallurgy is also particularly useful when gear designs include holes, depressions, and different surface levels or projections. You’ll find these gears in appliances, farm, lawn, and garden equipment, automobiles, trucks, and military vehicles.

Additive Manufacturing 

Also known as 3D printing, additive manufacturing constructs a three-dimensional object, layer by layer, from a CAD 3D model. Due to the nature of the process, additive machines can form complex designs with lattice structures modeled to achieve mass reduction not easily obtained through conventional methods. This type of geometry is often created using 3D topology optimization and generative computer design.

Gear geometry made using 3D printing

Conventional and non-circular gears can be fabricated with additive manufacturing processes, and high-quality 3D printers are relatively affordable and widely available. Because of this availability, it’s become the choice for repairs and mechanical projects like educational toys or other gadgets needing fully functional gears. You can also include additional features and even combine geometry with the gear shapes to add customized shafts, keys, or grooves to the same solid. 

So, now you know more of the many options for maching gears, whether you’re generating, forming, or cutting them. For help with all your CNC design projects, including gear design, check out our helpful eBook, CNC Design Guide.

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