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The advent of machine tools more or less coincides with the adoption of high speed, high accuracy, high power gears as means of power transmission. For obvious reasons if you don't have powered machines you have limited need for high quality gears.
As mentioned in another answer the gears for clocks and watches were originally made by hand with great care and skill using saws and files.
The earliest gears were peg and cage gears which could be made from wood and were used in watermills etc.
There is also a specific process for gear cutting called hobbing which allows accurate gears to be made on fairly simple machine tools.
Gears can also be cast from a pattern, requiring only moderate finishing to an acceptable surface finish and accuracy.
You might also be surprised what level of accuracy a skilled craftsman can achieve.
Indeed CNC technology has tended to improve overall productivity but doesn't do much to improve accuracy and there were automated production processes several centuries before computer controlled machining was a thing. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacquard_loom
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Gears are used in tons of mechanical devices. Most importantly, they provide a gear reduction in motorized equipment. This is key because often a small motor spinning very fast can provide enough power for a device, but not enough torque, the force that causes an object to rotate on an axis or twist. For instance, an electric screwdriver has a very large gear reduction (reduction in the speed of a rotary machine such as an electric motor) because it needs lots of torque to turn screws. But the motor only produces a small amount of torque at a high speed. With a gear reduction, the output speed can be reduced while the torque is increased.
Gears also change the direction of rotation. For instance, in the differential between the rear wheels of your car, the power is transmitted by a shaft that runs down the center of the car, and the differential has to turn that power 90 degrees to apply it to the wheels.
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There are a lot of intricacies in the different types of gears. In this article, we'll learn exactly how the teeth on gears work, and we'll talk about the different types of gears you find in all sorts of mechanical gadgets.
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