Over time, CNC machines of all sorts have grown in popularity across most manufacturing sectors in the US. These devices automate manufacturing processes such as cutting, drilling, milling, and turning, and they do it all using computer numerical control (CNC) technology. CNC machines allow for the highly accurate and precise production of intricate designs and parts. There are several kinds of CNC machines, but most fall under the 3-axis or 5-axis categories. These two differ in their axes of motion capabilities. This article will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of 3-axis and 5-axis CNC machines.
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CNC (Computer numerical control) refers to the use of computers to direct the motion of manufacturing machinery. Most CNC machines perform functions that are also found on manual machining devices but depend on a computer program to direct the motion instead. That makes the cutting tool&#;s movements very precise and generally results in higher-quality parts than those made with manual drill presses, lathes, etc. For more information, see our guide on All About CNC Machining: Process, Materials, Applications, and Cost.
A 3-axis CNC machine is one that performs machining operations by moving its tool or the part along the X, Y, and Z axes. The cutting tool can be moved anywhere along the horizontal (X-Y) plane and cut into parts to specified depths (Z-axis motion). Figure 1 is an example of a 3-axis CNC machine:
For more information, see our guide on the Types of CNC Machines.
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In the precision manufacturing industry, machining technology continues evolving from punch-controlled 3-axis CNC machines to more sophisticated 5-axis machining solutions.
A report by Technavio has projected the 5-axis CNC machining market to grow at a compound annual growth rate of nearly 6% between and , citing Methods partner FANUC as a leading 5-axis machine manufacturer.
The need for self-optimized machine cutting is one of the significant factors driving this growth in 5-axis machining, in addition to higher accuracy and greater precision for tighter tolerances, and increased efficiencies for automated operations.
Shop owners should consider 5-axis solutions when evaluating their current lineup of machines and operations. The benefits delivered by 5-axis machine tools can offer shops a competitive advantage through optimum cycle times, precision, and overall customer satisfaction.
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