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How to go about and choose?
Break it down by shapes and sizes
You-you-you're just my type
Oh, you got a pulse and you are breathing
You-you-you're just my type
("My Type," by Saint Motel, )
QUICKIE REVIEW &#; WHY IS A PUMP NEEDED IN THE FIRST PLACE?
By now every PTOA Reader and Student can reply in unison when asked what the purpose of a pump is:
"To add the PV Pressure to a flowing liquid!"
And just why would it be necessary to add the PV Pressure to a flowing liquid?
"Because flowing liquids need to be moved from Point A to Point B &#; and sometimes liquids need to be circulated around the same loop or path, like cooling water in a cooling water loop and lubrication oil supplying lubricant to hardware."
One last review question in the form of a question:
Why does the PV Pressure in a flowing liquid diminish after the liquid is discharged from the Pump?
PTOA Segment #165 explained how the Friction generated between a flowing liquid and the interior pipe wall will diminish the ΔP needed for a liquid to flow until &#; Poof! &#; the ΔP is gone and the fluid will not flow!
Great! Time to move on!
This PTOA Segment #204 explains the fundamental differences between Dynamic Pumps and Positive Displacement Pumps and the process service that would favor selection of one type of pump over another.
THE TWO MAIN TYPES OF PUMPS
The novice Process Tech Operator in a large industrial processing plant will observe pumps that can be distinguished by their horizontal or vertical positioning, their axial or horizontal bolted casing, whether or not they are single stage or multi stage, or "single acting" or "double acting," etc.
Although there may seem to be many types of pumps, all of them fall into just two classifications:
DYNAMIC PUMPS
There are Three Dynamic Pump Subsets:
Centrifugal Pumps are the most popular of industrial pumps because they are a cheaper initial investment and have a wide range of applications.
Centrifugal Pumps require little maintenance and when they do they are typically easy to repair.
When to Select a Dynamic Pump
Dynamic Pumps are the go-to pump whenever these two criteria exist:
Alternatively stated:
Dynamic Pumps have a large Pump Capacity but achieve modest to mid range Discharge Pressures.
Oops! There's always a caveat:
As the nearby graphic illustrates, when two Centrifugal Pumps are piped "in series" where the Discharge Pressure from Pump 1 becomes the Suction Pressure for Pump #2, then a significantly greater Overall Total Dynamic Head (labelled Head ΔP in the below graphic) can be achieved. Add more Centrifugal Pumps in series and even greater overall TDH will be realized!
Centrifugal Pump and Axial Pump Service
Centrifugal Pumps would be a good selection for emergency firewater, pumping water out of the ground, and just reliably transferring and circulating low viscosity, clean liquids.
Brilliant PTOA Readers and Students who are reading the PTOA Segments in the intended sequential order already learned in PTOA Segment #163 that a bank of Centrifugal Pumps circulate large amounts of cooling water throughout a processing plant.
NOTE: In circulating loops, the Discharge PV Pressure will be the highest PV Pressure in the Loop. So nobody should be surprised that the Suction PV Pressure will be the lowest PV Pressure in the Loop.
Axial Pumps are in-line flow pumps with the specific duty of moving a lot of liquid fast. They are easy to identify because they become part of a piping system that has an "elbow" or 90° change in flow direction. This specific architecture makes it possible to connect the Axial Pump to an Motor driver.
The Operating Principle of Dynamic Pumps
Like most text book definitions, the text book definition of a Dynamic Pump is not very enlightening: "a pump that converts the energy of a liquid in motion into the PV Pressure."
To be more descriptive:
Centrifugal Flow Action (explained in PTOA Segment #173) sucks the flowing liquid into the eye of an Impeller and then flings the rotated liquid outward from the Impeller, increasing the liquid's Velocity. Then the intricately manufactured Volute and Diffusers convert the Velocity into the PV Pressure (explained in PTOA Segment #175).
Both Centrifugal Pumps and Axial Flow Pumps build up the PV Pressure in a flowing liquid via the PV Pressure &#; Fluid Velocity Swap which was described in detail in PTOA Segment #159.
Both Centrifugal Pumps and Axial Flow Pumps have continuous liquid flow moving from the Pump Suction to the Pump Discharge, whilst the PV Pressure increases in the liquid. Albeit the Discharge Pressure from a Dynamic Pump can be impacted by system variations, the Discharge Pressure into the Discharge Header is still somewhat continuous. The same observation cannot be stated for Positive Displacement Pumps described below.
POSTIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
The Operating Principle of Positive Displacement Pumps aka "PD Pumps"
What is meant by "Displacement?"
The dude in the nearby gif filled his bathtub with candy. Then he jumped in.
The amount of candy that spills out onto the floor has been displaced by the dude's body.
That's because of this fact: No two things can occupy the same space at the same time! Got it? That's the operating principle of all PD Pumps!
But what does "POSITIVE" Displacement mean? Don't worry about it! Just a distinction that is important to anal retentive engineers.
There are Two Positive Displacement Pump Subsets:
Reciprocating-Action and Rotating-Motion Displacers
No matter what the design, the following happens in every Positive Displacement pump:
Guess what? Brilliant PTOA Readers and Students &#; those who are reading the PTOA Segments in the intended, sequential order ... have already learned the principles of hydraulics which explain how and why the PV Pressure increases in the PD Pump. The subject will be reviewed in an upcoming PTOA Segment so do not stress about that now.
Just be aware that the Positive Displacement Pump DOES NOT rely on the PV Pressure &#; Liquid Velocity Swap to build up the PV Pressure in the pumped-up liquid!
When to Select a Positive Displacement Pump:
Reciprocating-Action (PD) Pumps
In a Reciprocating-Action Pump, the displacer hardware is a Piston or a Plunger being moved in back and forth motion via a Connecting Rod and Crankshaft which convert the rotary motion of the Driver into back and forth motion. Diaphragms are used as the displacer hardware when the process liquid being pumped up is particularly corrosive or abrasive.
The constantly intermittent release of high PV Pressure liquid from the Reciprocating-Action (PD) Pump Discharge Valve is hard on the Discharge Header piping and also not desired by the downstream users of the pumped up liquid.
For these reasons Pulsation Dampener Hardware will be installed on the Suction Side and Discharge Side of the Reciprocating-Action PD Pump. Pulsation Dampener Hardware provides a volume of liquid from which more constant flow of liquid can be drawn into and discharged from the pump.
The PTOA DOES NOT advocate the use of any brand of a Reciprocating-Action PD Pump over another.
That being understood and stated, PTOA Readers and Students could "Google" the phrase "TRIPLEX PUMP" to attain a better understanding of this type of Reciprocating-Action Positive Displacement Pump which is capable of moving a wide range of corrosive, viscous, and particulate-laden 'heavy' liquids.
Large triplex pumps are used for drilling, hydraulic fracturing, cementing, and descaling operations.Triplex pumps can also be used for water jetting applications like surface preparation, hydro demolition or hydrostatic testing. Industrial uses of triplex pumps include oil line pumping, mine dewatering, chemical and petroleum products transfer, and well servicing.
The process of removing water from recovered natural gas (aka, "dehydration) will be featured in a future PTOA Separation Processes Focus Study Area. Your Mentor is familiar with triplex pumps in dehydration service which draw little Suction PV Pressure from a partially-filled glycol tank and then add sufficient Discharge PV Pressure such that the discharged glycol easily flows to an elevated entry portal on a dehydration Contactor tower which operates at 450 psi.
Your Mentor is also familiar with triplex pumps used to inject methanol into oil production lines that range from 400 psi to psi.
Rotary-Motion (PD) Pumps
In Rotary-Motion (PD) Pumps, the displacement hardware spins because it is attached to a Shaft that is supplied rotational mechanical power from a Driver.
Rotary-Motion (PD) Pumps cannot achieve the high PV Pressures that Reciprocating-Action (PD) Pumps can achieve. Nor can they match the Capacity of Centrifugal Pumps.
The Rotary-Motion (PD) Pump application niche is where there is a need for low to moderate Discharge PV Pressures delivered at a constant rate without the intermittent ramming that occurs with Reciprocating-Action (PD) Pumps. Otherwise stated, Rotary-Motion PD Pumps do not require Pulsation Dampening Hardware.
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Furthermore Rotary-Motion(PD) Pumps can handle liquids that would gum up a Centrifugal Pump.
And PTOA Readers and Students will learn that certain types of Rotary (PD) Pumps are Vacuum Pumps! The important use of Vacuum Pressures in process industries was featured in PTOA Segment #151.
The displacement hardware gives the Rotary (PD) Pump its name.
Lobe (Rotary-Motion PD) Pumps
A Lobe Pump uses one or more Lobes as the displacement hardware.
Lobe Pumps are particularly useful moving fluids in environments that must be sanitary, like in food and beverage processing plants as well as pharmaceutical and biotechnology processing. So who is surprised to learn that Lobe Pumps are easy to clean and sterilize in place?
Lobe Pumps are also found in chemical and pulp and paper industries.
Sliding Vane and Flexible Vane (Rotary-Motion PD) Pumps
Vane Pumps excel at moving low viscosity liquids like ammonia, alcohol, gasoline, refrigerants, and Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG &#; propane put under pressure until it is forced into the liquid state).
The automotive industry is especially fond of Vane Pumps which can be part of the braking, power steering, automatic transmission and supercharging systems. Quite versatile, Vane Pumps are also found in espresso and soft drink dispensing machines and some air conditioning units.
Because Vane Pumps are a type of vacuum pump, these pumps are also found in industrial and laboratory settings where oil and water &#; even small amounts of gas/vapor &#; need to be moved.
Internal Gear and External Gear (Rotary-Motion PD) Pumps
Internal Gear and External Gear Pumps use Gears as the displacement hardware.
Internal Gear Pumps are particularly well suited to metering blending liquids because the output from the pump is directly proportional to how fast the gears are rotating and the rate of rotation is easy to adjust. Depending upon the materials of construction, Internal Gear Pumps can be designed to handle a wide range of viscosities and even move corrosive liquids... like sulphuric acid! Internal Gear Pumps have superior suction capabilities, which is desirable when handling corrosive liquids.
External Gear Rotary Pumps can achieve higher Discharge PV Pressures than Vane Pumps or Lobe Pumps can. So much so that External Gear Pumps are used in automotive hydraulic systems and lifting machinery. External Gear Pumps are used to pump oil and high viscosity liquids.
The (Rotary-Motion PD) Two Screw and Three Screw Pump
The (Rotary-Motion PD) Screw Pump uses two or three Screws as displacement hardware (some models have up to 5 Screws). The current literature on Screw Pumps advocates for expanding their use to replace Centrifugal Pumps and Reciprocating Pumps on a wider scale.
Unlike Reciprocating-Action PD Pumps,(Rotary-Motion PD) Screw Pumps have an even Discharge Pressure delivery, eliminating the need for Pulsation Dampeners or other complicated pipeline support systems. (Rotary-Motion PD) Screw Pumps can also match the pumping Capacity of Reciprocating-Action PD Pumps.
And unlike the Centrifugal Pump, the (Rotary-Motion PD) Screw Pump can handle a large Capacity of liquids with a wide range of viscosities ... even multi-phase fluid mixtures that would cause a Centrifugal Pump to vapor lock (refer to PTOA Segment #177).
For example, the multi-Screw Pump excels in pumping high viscosity fluids like asphalt and multi phase emulsions that result when heavy crude shale is mixed with steam or additives so that the mixture can flow from reservoir to pipeline.
The popularity of the Two Screw Pump and Three Screw Pumps may well increase as the Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Industry (E&P Industry) gains confidence in the technology
Screw Pumps are currently used in a variety of manufacturing, mining, and hydraulic systems.
The next PTOA Segment reviews the Pros and Cons between Dynamic Pumps and Positive Displacement Pumps.
TAKE HOME MESSAGES: The many industrial pumps in use fall into either the Dynamic or Positive Displacement family line of pumps.
The operating theory of Dynamic Pumps is the PV Pressure &#; Liquid Velocity Swap.
The operating principle for Positive Displacement Pumps is "two things cannot occupy the same space/volume at the same time." Displacement Hardware of some type squeezes the contained liquid into a smaller volume and the increased PV Pressure that is generated is transmitted in all directions through the pumped-up liquid.
Dynamic Pumps have a range of Capacity and can deliver low to moderate Discharge PV Pressures (more if piped in series).Dynamic Pumps are used when a large Capacity of clean, low viscosity flow needs to be moved or circulated but does not require a high PV Discharge Pressure.
The two main subsets of Dynamic Pumps are Centrifugal Pumps and Axial Pumps. The operating theory behind both the Centrifugal Pump and the Axial Pump is the PV Pressure &#; Fluid Velocity Swap. In an Axial Pump the swap takes place while the liquid is flowing parallel to the horizontal spinning shaft and thus appears as "Axial Flow." Dynamic Pumps process clean, low viscosity liquids.
Positive Displacement Pumps have a single Capacity but can deliver high Discharge PV Pressures. PD Pumps are used when a significant Discharge PV Pressure is needed to move liquid/fluid into a process line that is already at a high PV Pressure. PD Pumps are also used when a metered amount of liquid needs to be injected into a line. And PD Pumps can also handle highly viscous and dirty liquids which Dynamic Pumps cannot.
The two subsets of Positive Displacement Pumps are Reciprocating-Action Pumps and Rotary-Motion Pumps.
Reciprocating-Action Pumps use Pistons, Plungers, or Diaphragms to displace liquid. Reciprocating-Action PD Pumps require Pulsation Dampening Hardware.
Like Reciprocating-Action PD Pumps, Rotary-Motion PD Pumps are identified by their Displacement Hardware. This PTOA Segment introduced the following Rotary-Action Pumps and their service application:
Lobe Pumps
Vane Pumps (Sliding Vane and Flexible Vane)
Internal and External Gear Pump
Screw Pumps
© PTOA Segment
PTOA PV PRESSURE FOCUS STUDY AREA
PTOA ROTATING EQUIPMENT AREA - DYNAMIC AND POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
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If you run a business that requires fluid movement, processing, or management, you&#;re going to need an industrial pump. The challenge for many business owners is choosing the type of pump for the job because there are so many options. Here is a guide to the different types of industrial pumps and what each one does.
What Is an
Industrial Pump
?
An industrial pump is a mechanical device that converts mechanical energy from its motor to hydraulic energy as it transfers fluid. This energy transfer allows the machine to move fluid from one place to another. Industrial pumps are made up of an inlet tube, a motor and impeller, and an outlet. But how they function will differ depending on the type of pump you are using.
Two Major
Types of Industrial Pumps
&#; Dynamic vs. Positive Displacement
There are two main types of industrial pumps&#;dynamic pumps and positive displacement pumps. Dynamic pumps use centrifugal force to create velocity in the liquid that the pump is handling. That velocity gets converted to pressure, which can be regulated to push fluid through the pump.
Dynamic pumps contain an impeller, which creates a vacuum that drives fluid inside the pump&#;s housing. These are the most common types of industrial pumps because they have the fewest moving parts and can operate continuously.
Positive displacement pumps use the reciprocating motion of plungers, pistons, or diaphragms to move liquid through the pump. Instead of a smooth transfer of liquid, you generally get a pulsing discharge with this type of pump because fluid is trapped and expelled in a fixed volume. These pumps have a more complex design than dynamic pumps, but they can handle more variations in flow and pressure. They can also handle high viscosity fluid at high pressure.
Different
Types of Industrial Pumps
: Dynamic Pumps
1. Centrifugal Pumps
Centrifugal pumps are the most common type of industrial pump used across most industries. These pumps move fluid using the transfer of rotational energy from one or more driven rotors, known as impellers.
Fluid enters the rotating impeller along the pump&#;s axis and is expelled by centrifugal force toward the pump&#;s outlet. This type of pump can handle liquids that contain suspended solids. There are also different types and sizes of centrifugal pumps to meet various industrial needs.
2.
Submersible Pumps
Submersible pumps are primarily used to move sewage and stormwater, but they are used by other industries as well. These pumps are created to work under extreme conditions and are ideal for shifting waste, chemicals, gray water, subsoil water, and foodstuffs.
3. Fire Hydrant Systems
Fire hydrant pumps are designed to serve fluid at high pressure and high force, so they are primarily used by the firefighting industry. These pumps may be installed in industrial settings or at the street level, where they are connected directly to a municipal water system.
Different
Types of Industrial Pumps
:
Positive Displacement Pumps
4.
Lobe Pumps
Lobe pumps include pairs of rotating &#;lobes,&#; which are similar to gears even though they don&#;t touch. As the lobes rotate together, they create a suction that pulls liquid into the pump. When fluid enters the pump&#;s casing, it becomes trapped because the lobes only rotate in one direction.
The fluid continues to get pushed toward the output area of the pump. Because the lobes don&#;t come into contact with each other, this type of pump can handle denser liquids and liquids with some solid materials.
5.
Screw Pumps
A screw pump is a type of pump that operates using several rotating screws inside the casing. Using two or more screws rotating in opposite directions, the pump creates internal pressure that moves fluid through the pump&#;s housing. The clearance between the screws is minimal, so this type of pump is better suited for applications like simple water movement or the transfer of high-viscosity materials like oil and fuel.
6.
Diaphragm Pumps
Diaphragm pumps are also known as pneumatic or air operated diaphragm (AOD) pumps. These pumps use pneumatic pressure instead of electric power, so they are an ideal option when electricity isn&#;t available.
Diaphragm pumps are used for transferring chemicals with a high flash point, such as volatile solvents and corrosive chemicals. The pumps have two chambers with diaphragms, and air is transferred between the two using a valve. This shift in air is what creates the pressure to move fluid from one side of the pump to the other.
7.
Gear Pump
s
A gear pump is a type of rotating positive dislocation pump. As the gears inside the pump rotate, they force liquid through the pump using a process that creates a suction and void inside the system.
The fluid entering the pump receives energy through the grooves in the gears, which drive the fluid to the output area. Because the gears rotate in a specific direction, this prevents the fluid from back flowing. Gear pumps are used to transfer oil and grease as well as thick liquids that don&#;t contain any solid materials.
8.
Piston Pumps
A piston pump is a specific type of positive displacement pump that uses a piston to create suction or discharge pressure. A motor drives the piston backward, creating a void and vacuum, which draws fluid into the pump casing. As the piston moves forward, this pressurizes the chamber, and the fluid that was pulled into the pump will be discharged.
There is also a valve installed in the pump that prevents fluid from back flowing out of the inlet. These pumps are used for the simple movement of liquid materials and to boost the efforts of more complex pumps.
Need Help Choosing the Right
Type of Industrial Pump
?
C&B Equipment sells and services a wide range of industrial pumps. If your business needs an industrial pump, blower, or compressor, contact us today to learn more about our high-quality products and services.
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