The materials used for the turning process are mainly metals. These metals include alloy steel, carbon steel, cast iron, stainless steel, aluminum, copper, magnesium, and zinc. However, the process can also machine plastic parts and work with other materials such as ceramics, composites, thermoplastics, and thermosets.
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The turning process works with a lathe machine moving the cutting tool in a linear motion along the surface of the rotating workpiece, removing material around the circumference until the desired diameter is achieved, to machine cylindrical parts with external and internal features, such as slots, tapers, and threads.
Turning uses single-point cutting tools to remove material from the rotating workpiece. The design of the turning tool depends on its application, with tools available for roughing, finishing, facing, threading, parting, forming, undercutting, and grooving applications.
Turning produces rotational, typically axi-symmetric, parts with many features, such as holes, grooves, threads, tapers, various diameter steps, and even contoured surfaces. Products fabricated completely through turning often include components used in limited quantities, especially for prototypes, such as custom-designed shafts and fasteners.
Turning is also often used as a secondary process to add or refine features on parts that were manufactured using a different method.
Some examples of products made with turning are camshafts, crankshafts, baseball bats, bowls, cue sticks, signboards, musical instruments, and table and chair legs.
Straight turning, also known as cylindrical turning, decreases the work diameter in a uniform motion to prevent variation in the work diameter of the cut. Straight turning is often considered a "roughing" operation that removes large amounts of material before the precision cuts.
Taper turning produces a cylindrical shape that has a gradually decreasing diameter.
Spherical generation occurs when a program creates a form around a fixed axis of revolution or when a specific semicircular tool is used to lower the diameter to zero to make a perfect sphere.
Grooving is done when a shaped tool is pressed into the component gouge to form a narrow cavity.
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Parting is used to gouge deeply into the component to remove a completed piece from the original stock piece.
Knurling is done by cutting a serrated pattern into the material. Knurling is usually done with materials that need extra grip.
Threading is done by cutting in a helical path to make grooves that can be screwed into other objects.
Construction and land development make use of leveling. Developers will need to locate elevations so they can level them out before construction.
Leveling is also crucial to check if floors, ceilings, and other surfaces are perfectly horizontal. Skipping the leveling procedure results in poor-quality work, leading to crooked surfaces that are highly vulnerable to earthquake damage.
Machine leveling also uses the same principle. If you are in the business of metalworking, machining, or tooling, precision has an important role to play.
At a machining center, a workpiece needs to be shaped, milled, or ground to fit the application it is used for. For this, every component needs to be in spec so they can perform as intended. When it comes to leveling workpieces, workholding tools are often used.
Machine leveling is also important for preventing damage during an application. An end mill, for instance, will need to be properly perpendicular to the work surface. Otherwise, the work may not turn out accurately, and the machine may get damaged.
Leveling is crucial to manufacturing high-quality machine parts. It is used on automation systems and additive manufacturing facilities. It optimizes CNC machining tools and tooling equipment. All in all, machine leveling involves compliance with quality standards.
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